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Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, and writer, recognized as a pioneer of modern architecture. Born in Switzerland, he obtained French nationality through naturalization in 1930. Over five decades, he created architectural landmarks across Europe, Japan, India, and North and South America.[7] Le Corbusier traced the origins of modern architecture to Viollet-le-Duc.[8]

Committed to improving living conditions in crowded cities, Le Corbusier profoundly influenced urban planning and co-founded the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). He developed the master plan for Chandigarh, India, and designed key government buildings there.

In a significant recognition of his legacy, seventeen of Le Corbusier's projects across seven countries were inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites on 17 July 2016, celebrated as The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement.[9]

While lauded for his contributions, Le Corbusier remains a controversial figure. Criticism has been directed at his urban planning ideas for their perceived disregard of existing cultural sites, social expression, and equality. Additionally, concerns over his alleged connections to fascism, antisemitism, and eugenics, including associations with Benito Mussolini, continue to provoke debate.[11][12][13][14]

Beyond architecture, Le Corbusier designed iconic furniture pieces such as the LC4 Chaise Lounge Chair and the ALC-3001 chair, renowned for their leather upholstery and metal frames.

Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris was born in 1887 in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, into a family of watchmakers. His early exposure to craftsmanship and precision engineering would influence his later architectural style, characterized by meticulous attention to detail and structural integrity.

Le Corbusier's formal education in architecture was limited; instead, he embarked on a journey of self-education, absorbing influences from travels across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. His studies of classical architecture in Italy and Greece left a lasting impression, shaping his belief in architecture as a reflection of societal ideals and human aspirations.

In 1907, he moved to Paris, where he encountered avant-garde artistic movements and immersed himself in the city's vibrant cultural milieu. His interactions with artists such as Pablo Picasso and writers like Max Jacob broadened his intellectual horizons, fueling his desire to redefine architecture's role in the modern world.

Le Corbusier's career trajectory can be divided into distinct phases, each marked by innovation and controversy. In the 1920s, he developed his seminal architectural manifesto, "Vers une architecture" (Towards a New Architecture), where he articulated his "Five Points of Architecture." These principles, including pilotis (supports), flat roofs, open floor plans, horizontal windows, and free façade design, became foundational to modernist architecture.

His early works, such as the Villa Savoye near Paris (1929-1931), exemplified these principles, showcasing a radical departure from traditional building forms. The Villa Savoye's raised pilotis, open interior spaces, and ribbon windows epitomized Le Corbusier's vision of a house as a "machine for living," emphasizing functionality, light, and spatial fluidity.

Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Le Corbusier expanded his architectural practice to encompass larger urban planning projects. His visionary proposals for cities like Algiers and Chandigarh envisioned organized, efficient urban environments that prioritized green spaces, transportation networks, and communal amenities. His unbuilt designs, such as the Radiant City (Ville Radieuse), envisioned high-rise apartment blocks surrounded by greenery, connected by efficient transportation systems—a utopian vision of urban living that sought to reconcile modernity with humanistic values.

Despite his visionary zeal, Le Corbusier's ideas often sparked controversy. Criticism of his urban planning theories centered on concerns over social homogeneity and the dehumanizing effects of high-density living. His advocacy for mass-produced housing solutions, while innovative, raised questions about architectural diversity and cultural identity in rapidly urbanizing societies.

Le Corbusier's legacy endures as a foundational figure in modern architecture and urban planning. His emphasis on functionality, modular design, and the integration of green spaces into urban environments continues to resonate with architects and urban planners worldwide. His influence can be seen in the sleek lines of contemporary skyscrapers, the open-plan interiors of residential homes, and the sustainable design principles shaping cities of the future.

His impact extends beyond physical structures; Le Corbusier's writings, including "Towards a New Architecture" and "The City of Tomorrow," remain essential texts in architectural education. They continue to inspire generations of architects to rethink the relationship between buildings, society, and the natural environment.

However, Le Corbusier's legacy is not without its complexities. Critics argue that his rigid adherence to modernist principles sometimes overlooked the cultural and social diversity of urban communities. His urban planning experiments, while visionary, faced challenges in implementation, often falling short of their ambitious social goals.

Nevertheless, Le Corbusier's commitment to improving urban life through thoughtful design remains a powerful testament to architecture's potential as a force for positive change. His influence persists in ongoing debates about sustainability, livability, and the future of urban development in an increasingly interconnected world.

1. "Le Corbusier". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022.
2. "Steve Rose on Le Corbusier, one of the most iconic architects of the 20th century". the Guardian. 16 July 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
3. "Biographie de Le Corbusier - 1929-1938 : Le globe-trotter de l'architecture moderne". Fondation Le Corbusier (in French). Retrieved 22 November 2023.
4. "The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
5. "BBC Four – A History of Art in Three Colours, White". BBC. Retrieved 25 May 2021.