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Kim Il Sung (/kɪm ɪlˈsʌŋ, -ˈsʊŋ/; Korean: 김일성, pronounced [kimils͈ʌŋ]; born Kim Sung Ju; 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was a North Korean politician and the founder of North Korea. He served as the Supreme Leader from the country's establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994. After his death, he was succeeded by his son, Kim Jong Il, and was posthumously declared the Eternal President.

Kim held the position of Premier from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to 1994. He led the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) from 1949 to 1994, initially as chairman and later as general secretary from 1966 onwards. He rose to power following the end of Japanese rule over Korea in 1945, after Japan's surrender in World War II. In 1950, he authorized the invasion of South Korea, which prompted a United Nations intervention led by the United States in defense of South Korea. The Korean War ended in a military stalemate, with a ceasefire signed in July 1953. Kim Il Sung became the third-longest serving non-royal head of state or government in the 20th century, holding office for over 45 years.

Under Kim's leadership, North Korea was established as a totalitarian socialist state with a centrally planned economy. Initially, the country maintained very close political and economic ties with the Soviet Union. By the 1960s, North Korea enjoyed a slightly higher standard of living compared to the South, which was experiencing political turmoil and economic crises. However, this situation reversed in the 1970s as South Korea stabilized and transformed into an economic powerhouse with the help of Japanese and American investments, military aid, and internal economic development, while North Korea's economy stagnated and declined. Differences arose between North Korea and the Soviet Union, mainly due to Kim Il Sung's Juche philosophy, which emphasized Korean nationalism and self-reliance. Despite these differences, North Korea continued to receive financial aid and subsidies from the USSR and the Eastern Bloc until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Kim Il-sung was born as Kim Song-ju in the Mangyongdae district of Pyongyang, which was then part of the Japanese-occupied Korean Peninsula. His family was of modest means, and his early life was marked by the hardships of Japanese colonial rule. He became politically active at a young age, joining anti-Japanese guerrilla movements in Manchuria. His formal education was limited due to his early involvement in revolutionary activities. During his time in Manchuria, he adopted the nom de guerre "Kim Il-sung," inspired by a legendary Korean guerilla fighter. This period of guerrilla warfare was crucial in shaping his revolutionary ideology and leadership style.

Kim Il-sung's political career began in earnest during World War II, as he emerged as a prominent leader in the anti-Japanese resistance. After the defeat of Japan in 1945, Korea was divided into Soviet and American spheres of influence. The Soviet Union supported Kim Il-sung's rise to power in the northern part of the peninsula. He established the Korean Workers' Party in 1946 and became the premier of the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea. In 1948, with the formal establishment of the DPRK, Kim became its first premier and later its president. His tenure saw the Korean War (1950-1953), which resulted in a stalemate and the continued division of Korea. Domestically, Kim Il-sung implemented policies aimed at economic self-sufficiency, known as Juche. His rule was characterized by the creation of a cult of personality, extensive propaganda, and a pervasive security apparatus to maintain his grip on power.

Kim Il-sung's legacy is multifaceted. He is credited with founding the North Korean state and developing its distinct political ideology. His policies of self-reliance and strong state control have left a lasting impact on the country's governance. The Juche ideology continues to be a guiding principle in North Korean society. Internationally, Kim's legacy is more contentious. His rule is often criticized for its human rights abuses, economic mismanagement, and isolationist policies. However, within North Korea, he is venerated as a national hero. The continuity of the Kim dynasty, with his son Kim Jong-il and grandson Kim Jong-un, indicates the enduring influence of his leadership model. The future of North Korea remains closely tied to the Kim family's legacy, with ongoing challenges related to economic development, international relations, and human rights.

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